01 Scope

This document describes the development of the Tech Bridge Interactive Map. The map visualizes:

1. The direction of technology flows between the United States and India, as well as to third countries, and the cities involved.
2. The relevant pillar of cooperation from the SCSP–Observer Research Foundation (ORF) U.S.–India AI and Emerging Technology Compact.

02 Sourcing Requirements

Initiatives are the map’s unit of analysis. We define an initiative as an instance of technology investment, agreement, deployment, or research collaboration between U.S. and Indian entities. Each initiative is tagged with a layer, a Compact pillar, a classification of the nature of the collaboration, and a city or location tag.

Most initiatives are linked to at least one primary source: government fact sheets and official announcements, signed bilateral agreements and memoranda of understanding, academic and institutional publications, and company press releases documenting specific commitments or deployments. Where primary sources are unavailable or insufficient, secondary sources such as credible news reporting are used to corroborate claims.

An initiative is included if it satisfies three conditions: it has at least one qualifying primary or credible secondary source, its primary output fits within the scope of the Compact’s four-pillar framework, and the United States plays a substantive co-production or co-development role. For example, while the United States and India collaborate in the global dissemination of Unified Payments Interface (UPI), U.S. companies serve as payment facilitators and distribution channels rather than technology co-architects. Indian institutions conceived, designed, and built UPI, and the U.S. role does not meet the threshold of substantive co-production or co-development required for inclusion.

03 Map Layers

The map is organized into three layers depicting the direction of technology flow:

04 Pillars of Cooperation

The map is organized around the four pillars of technology cooperation highlighted in the SCSP–ORF U.S.–India AI and Emerging Technology Compact: Applications, Infrastructure, Talent, and Policy and Standards. Additional information on the pillars can be found in the Compact report.

An initiative can appear under more than one pillar, as recorded in the reviewed research workbook. Selecting a pillar includes every initiative assigned to it within the selected map layer. Choose All layers to see every matching initiative.

05 Initiative Cards

Upon selecting an initiative, an initiative card appears. The top presents the location of the selected initiative, and notes whether it is the activity’s origin, recipient, co-developer, co-producer, or funder. The Overview describes what is happening, whereas the Impact section explains why the connection matters. Each card also highlights whether U.S. and/or Indian entities are leading the initiative’s implementation, what technology sector it belongs to, which compact pillar it aligns with, whether it is underway (operational) or planned, when it was announced, and the direction of the technology flow. These details appear only if backed by open source documentation.

The map covers 14 technology sectors, which emerged from the initiatives SCSP documented for this dataset:

• Defense
• AI infrastructure
• Quantum
• Critical Minerals
• Semiconductors
• Connectivity
• Space
• Agriculture
• Clean Energy
• Digital Public Infrastructure
• Talent & Research
• Enterprise AI Services
• Healthcare
• Training

06 Methodological Limitations